The naturalistic perspective has been formed in the human subconscious since the beginning of history. In the Renaissance period, this attitude, alongside the scientific approach, gradually led to greater perception and understanding of nature. Artists' efforts to represent the objectives made Renaissance art remarkably distinct from previous periods. A movement that prioritized man and nature, and regarding two main trends of naturalism, one based on experience and observation of nature, in Northern Europe, and the other, based on mathematics, in Italy, took a step towards discovering the universe. Accordingly, the study of the perspective of an artist who has faced these trends in his professional activity is considered an important issue in the analysis of the works of illustration of this period, which is pursued in this study aimed at Albrecht Dürer’s works. Dürer, an artist from Nuremberg, is considered one of the greatest artists of the Northern Renaissance due to his paintings, engravings, scientific books based on anatomy and perspective, and innovations in printing techniques. He was the first artist outside of Italy who was able to achieve international fame in his time. He dedicated his life in search for the world's beauty. A world full of mystery, and the desire to understand it made him travel, observe nature, and get to know other artists. By retaining what he had learned in his hometown and his perception of Italian artists’ viewpoint, he effectively combined these two critical concepts. The main purpose of this study is to see how far the artist takes this naturalistic idea that existed in Northern Europe, and in what cases he refers to Italian artists and theorists. For this purpose, the theoretical discussion includes the description of the definitions and basic concepts in the field of nature and its role in art, before and after the Renaissance, and the research focus is devoted to the investigation and analysis of visual, mathematical, and nature-related expressive elements. One of the most important findings of this study is the artist's different approach. Undoubtedly, Dürer has always been fascinated by nature. By extending his repertoire in various techniques, he defined an independent identity for nature's elements in his artworks. This point of view basically refers to various approaches concerning each element of nature (trees, plants, and animals). Nature is expressive, and this is the artist's duty to observe, search and take steps toward discovering it. He works ambitiously in representing landscapes with watercolor technique, which shows that he is not obsessed solely with forms. His depiction of color, light, and atmosphere is reminiscent of Impressionist artworks. Also, the expression of phenomena and natural cycle of life is another aspect of his work. On the other hand, in prints, the artist's focus is not only on the story but also on proportions, perspective, and details. Considering the influence of the artist on the aesthetic standards of the Renaissance, some of his later illustrations present a new form of artistic creation, a depiction that was based on the artist’s perception.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of organizational intelligence social empowerment and the promotion of individual and group intelligence, based on the Albrecht model. Method: A descriptive exploratory study was designed where the population consisted of all managers and experts from the department of social welfare in the city of Shahrood in north east Iran in spring of 2015. This included 55 participants. Instruments used were the Albrecht organizational intelligence test (2003) and a researcher mande hierarchical questionnaire designed for weighting factors based on factor analysis. Results: The findings from the analysis of 50 completed questionnaires, showed that organizational intelligence was above average (t= 9. 673, P= 0. 0001). Weights for each component were as follows: Common fate = 0. 243, strategic insight = 0. 220, morale = 0. 155, unity and consensus = 0. 124, willingness to change = 0. 108, application of knowledge = 0. 107 and pressure to perform= 0. 043. Conclusion: These results indicate that the Albrecht organizational intelligence scale is suitable for use in research in industrial and organizational psychology and managers can use this scale in order to identify and achieve the mission and goals set by their respective organization. It is obvious that significantly more importance should be attached to components with higher weights since these components play a more salient role in promoting individual and group performance in educational, occupational and social functioning.

    The Renaissance period, marked by the humanism movement and the revival of classical art forms, was a time of unprecedented progress in various fields. The rapid advancement of printing technology, which facilitated access to information and education, had a profound impact on the development of art, science, philosophy, and literature. This era is often referred to as a turning point in history, as it had a significant influence on Western civilization. During this period, the two visual systems of painting and printing technology played a crucial role in shaping Renaissance thinking. The painting system, informed by new theories on proportions, perspective, and aesthetics, enabled artists to explore new creative possibilities. Meanwhile, printing technology allowed for the widespread dissemination of literary and philosophical texts, as well as works of art, thereby enabling the transfer of knowledge and stimulating scientific and experimental research. In this sense, the Renaissance can be seen as a period of rapid cultural and intellectual exchange, characterized by the fusion of artistic innovation and technological advancement. This synergy had a lasting impact on Western civilization, laying the groundwork for many of the intellectual and artistic developments that followed. In cities like Florence and Rome, the intersection of world trade and dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church gave rise to a new intellectual landscape. The corruption of the Church led to a reevaluation of human existence and our place in the world. This, in turn, inspired a renewed interest in Greco-Roman culture, which became a defining feature of the Renaissance. The emphasis on human reason, liberal arts, and scientific inquiry enabled artists to explore new themes and techniques. The innovative use of perspective and depth, made possible by scientific and mathematical advances, allowed artists to tackle complex and often secular subjects. Humanism, characterized by a focus on human potential and individualism, was a dominant theme of the era. Artists and writers sought to emulate the classical period's architectural and artistic achievements, setting new standards for art and literature. The study of classical literature and art became a cornerstone of Renaissance culture, as individuals sought to understand the timeless values and principles that underpinned Western civilization. The movement's emphasis on humanism, critical thinking, and intellectual curiosity laid the groundwork for some of the most significant scientific discoveries in history. The artistic innovations of the Renaissance, which spanned from Italy to Northern Europe, continue to inspire and influence art, literature, and culture to this day. During the Renaissance, humanism emerged as a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of Latin language and classical texts, while rejecting scholasticism and promoting non-religious studies grounded in nature and observation. Humanism encourages individuals to think critically, creatively, and reflectively about the universe, valuing personal judgment and autonomy. In contrast to traditional apprenticeships, which were dominated by guilds, humanist education prioritized individualized learning and creative expression. In Italy, humanist writers and intellectuals played a significant role in shaping educational systems. They believed that education was essential for raising well-rounded citizens who could think critically and make informed decisions. This approach was distinct from traditional apprenticeships, where students were primarily trained as artisans. Instead, humanist educators emphasized the importance of individual creativity, critical thinking, and intellectual curiosity. In Northern Europe, a similar intellectual movement was taking place in parallel to the Italian Renaissance. The Brethren of the Common Life, a group of educators and intellectuals, sought to raise social awareness and consciousness, particularly among the poor, in the aftermath of the devastating Black Death of the fourteenth century. This association played a crucial role in promoting critical thinking, literacy, and artistic expression, and its innovations paved the way for new literary and artistic movements. The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg was another significant achievement that had far-reaching implications for education and intellectual development. The printing press enabled mass production of books, making knowledge more accessible and democratizing access to education. This technological innovation empowered writers and artists to disseminate their ideas and creations more widely, contributing to a flourishing of cultural and intellectual activity. Albrecht Dürer's innovative achievements in art and printing were a direct result of his fusion of Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance styles, combined with the techniques he learned during his youth. This study aims to unravel the significant impact Albrecht Dürer had on the evolving social status of art and artists during the Renaissance period. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, this research draws on library studies and internet findings to gather data, shedding light on the intricate relationships between Renaissance humanism and Dürer's artistic journey. By examining the components of Renaissance humanism and Dürer's artistic path, as well as case studies of his works, this study identifies the key humanistic elements that defined his artistic vision. Furthermore, it analyzes his role in creating a new space for art and artists during the Renaissance period, revealing the far-reaching implications of his contributions. Dürer's early artistic training was shaped by his godfather, Anton Koberger, who encouraged him to explore unconventional themes and works. This marked a departure from traditional artistic practices, which were heavily influenced by the teachings of the Brethren of the Common Life. After completing his internship in the renowned workshop of Koberger and Michael Wolgemut, Dürer embarked on a journey to the northern regions, seeking solitude and inspiration to deepen his understanding of the world and stay abreast of the latest artistic trends. During this period, Dürer's artistic endeavors indicate a growing familiarity with the medium of picture books and woodblock prints. While his works still bear similarities to those of his predecessors, this marked a turning point in his development as an artist. The techniques of illustration, compositions, and contrasts of light and dark that he employed were not revolutionary, but they laid the foundation for the distinctive style and creative vision that would emerge in his subsequent works. In his continued artistic journey, Albrecht Dürer presents two remarkable collections of woodcuts: Apocalypse and Great Passion. These works, rooted in religious themes, were influenced by the Protestant Reformation's critique of the Catholic Church and the feudal power it wielded. By redefining the enemy of Christianity, Dürer's Apocalypse series shifts the focus from the Ottomans to the high-ranking Catholic officials, allowing ordinary people to engage with religious concepts without intermediaries. This democratization of art was made possible by the picture book's unique potential: it can be mass-produced and distributed at a low cost, making it accessible to a broader audience. No longer bound by the need to prove himself to kings, nobles, and religious authorities, Dürer can focus on producing art that resonates with the everyday people of his society. In his later years, he explored theories on body proportions and authored books on the subject. His writings emphasize the importance of observation, knowledge of the natural world, and the role of nature as a reference. He sees anything that defies nature as worthless and unpleasant. As a humanist artist, Dürer aims to convey his understanding of the world through observation, experience, and thought. Just as he encouraged people to think about religious matters through his picture books, he now shares his insights on the rules of nature. By making these concepts accessible to a wider audience, Dürer demonstrates his commitment to art as a means of education and self-discovery. His artistic endeavors embody the humanist values of intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and a desire for knowledge that transcends boundaries. This research reveals that Albrecht Dürer, an artist of the Renaissance, pushed the boundaries of visual innovation by applying humanist principles. He drew inspiration from the natural world, Italian art, and the unique cultural contexts of Venice, Florence, and his hometown, Nuremberg. The Renaissance's emphasis on proportion and humanistic elements, such as attention to nature, had a profound impact on the formal elements of his depictions. A closer examination of Dürer's artistic journey reveals that he was deeply committed to humanist values, which influenced his approach to art-making. He studied with intention, selected his techniques deliberately, and navigated his activities in a way that redefined the role of art and artists in society. This shift elevated the status of the Renaissance illustrator beyond mere craftsmanship, acknowledging the value of artistic work, illustration, and printing. Furthermore, this study highlights the pivotal role of the artist in shaping the field of visual communication, and illustration, and defining new economic capacities. As the proliferation of texts and artistic works coincided with improved societal scientific and cultural levels, the Renaissance artist was presented with a new opportunity. Dürer was one of the first artists to seize this chance by leveraging print technology to promote artistic independence. He achieved this by publishing visual works and books, paving the way for economic autonomy. Notably, despite the relative rarity of signature personalization in artworks during this period, Dürer championed the importance of signing artworks and defending copyrights. This pioneering effort laid the groundwork for the establishment of copyright law.

The Hermetic religion, along with its religious and divine concepts, stands as one of the earliest accomplishments in human history. Although the texts primarily originated in ancient Egypt, their influence has extended to various religions, intellectual systems, and cultural currents in different societies over time. During the Renaissance, the resurgence of Hermetic thinking in Europe was met with exceptional reception, particularly among intellectuals and artists of the time. In this particular time frame, the renowned painter Albrecht Dürer from Northern Europe adeptly incorporated the teachings into his artistic works, leveraging his profound understanding of alchemy, Hermetic wisdom, and other transcendental sciences. This research aims to achieve an alternative interpretation of the primary themes and meanings of these works through the utilization of an analytical and comparative approach. It will examine the concepts of Hermetic wisdom and correlate them with selected engravings by Albrecht Dürer. Moreover, it answers the question: what is the semantic connection between the subjects of Albrecht Dürer's engravings and the teachings of Hermetic wisdom? The teachings of this wisdom are referenced in this report through the book of Hermetica. This text discusses a collection of teachings that cover topics such as human incarnation, death, immortality, rebirth, the zodiacal region, and the circle of time. The teachings are accompanied by four engravings by Albrecht Dürer titled "Knight of Death," "Adam and Eve," "St. Jerome in His Study," and "Men’s Bath." The artist has used visual symbols and arranged the structure of the visual elements to implicitly refer to the esoteric meanings of this ancient wisdom, in addition to the work's primary theme. The Hermetica book contains the translation of the Hermetic texts, along with the title and classification of some crucial terms of this ancient wisdom. The translators worked hard to provide an eloquent and straightforward interpretation of the texts, making it easier for readers to understand them. The following titles, which are highly significant and extensively explored in this research, consist of:Existence of atom (creator)Circle of timeMan is a miracleZodiac region and destinyGeneral and specificIncarnation of the soulDeath and immortalityRebirthCreation of humankindSecret teachingsThis article endeavors to explore Hermetic symbolism in Albrecht Dürer's chosen printed works and, by referencing the terminology and interpretations derived from Hermetic texts, offers a fresh interpretation of these artworks. As previously mentioned, the Hermetic religion centers around the trinity of God, the universe, and humankind. In this perspective, God is regarded as the sole creator; the universe is perceived as a reflection of God's essence, serving as a means to comprehend his magnificence and wisdom. In the context of human existence, there are multiple principles that God has prescribed for humanity, as elucidated by the teachings of Hermetism.The incarnation of man and the rule of man over the lower world through divine luminosity: In Hermetic texts, the human incarnation is considered essential, and the human body is seen as a means to elevate the soul and ultimately unite with the divine. In the two works referenced in this research, Dürer discusses the human body and the mortal body, highlighting the human body as a crucial component. The works "Adam and Eve" and "Men’s Bath" are among the pieces that explicitly utilize physicality and tension as a means of comprehending existence and honoring the human body as a vessel for the soul. Additionally, within his study of St. Jerome, Dürer explores the idea of man's power and wisdom, emphasizing the importance of human speech in establishing the order of the universe. Dürer's depiction of Jerome’s writing is imbued with a halo of light, highlighting the significance of the power of words.Death, Immortality, and Rebirth: In the Hermetic religion, a person's birth is not considered the beginning of their spiritual motivation. Similarly, death is regarded as the transfer of one's spirit to another realm. This transfer occurs with time intervention and is repeated in a cycle. The ultimate objective of this cycle is for the human soul to become one with God through purification and rebirth. The work "Knight, Death, and Satan" incorporates the presence of death, portrayed as a man holding a scythe, alongside symbols such as a horse, snake, and dog, which collectively represent Hekate, the deity associated with the underworld and the deceased. Nevertheless, the knight undergoes the passage of death, and each passage serves as a transition to a different realm, symbolizing a rebirth that brings one closer to attaining divine wisdom through a fresh beginning.Zodiac region and destiny: The texts on Hermetism have consistently discussed the impact of the Zodiac region on human destiny. According to Hermes, this problem is referred to as Atom's gift, as it pertains to the management of the universe's order through the gods and stars and has a direct correlation with the mortal human body. Dürer has employed symbols with this motif in certain of his engravings. In “Adam and Eve” and “Men’s Bath,” he reveals this human principle to the audience by referring to human nature and the five senses, respectively. It should be mentioned that since these two works are related to the theme of human tension and physicality, references are also made to human nature and senses, and this issue reminds us of the importance that incarnation and human destiny are two inseparable elements and logic Zodiac has permeated the world in man since the birth of man. This matter is always essential in Hermes’s religion.The cycle of time: This term refers to the circulation and alteration of events in the universe and their relation to human beings. At times, it is also used to denote the limitation of mortal beings. The changes in time within the universe can be observed through various phenomena such as the rotation of seasons, the growth of plants, the transition from darkness to light in the sky, and other similar occurrences. In the case of humans, this encompasses the process of human development from birth to mortality, among other aspects. In Dürer's engravings, the hourglass symbol is used in "Knight, Death, and Satan" and "Saint Jerome" to represent the limited nature of time. In St. Jerome, the circle symbol, portrayed as a large-brimmed hat atop Jerome's head, signifies time's cyclical and continuous nature. It's worth noting that in this work, the circle, triangle, and square are used as Hermetic signs. Besides the circle's meaning mentioned earlier, the triangle represents the Hermetic trinity of God, the universe, and man, while the square is a manifestation of the four elements (water, soil, fire, and wind).

Plant development can be defined as a programmed qualitative change in plant form, which leads plant to maturity, and researchers call it as phasic development or phenology. Recognizing the timing of occurring each development stage is necessary for managing system in order to yield increment. The timing of occurring development stages depend on climate, genotype specifications and sowing date then determination of these times in different regions is difficult and it is only possible through the using of crop simulation models which can predict the timing of occurrence each development stage by integrating effective factors. The model was constructed based on linear equation of plant temperature response. In order to model evaluation two experiments were carried out in agricultural and natural resources research center of Khuzistan in 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 cropping years. Wheat development stages were determined based on Kirby and Appleyard’s scale by stereoscopic microscope and required GDD for each development stage as well. The constructed model was calibrated and run for simulation. Comparison of simulated and observed data showed that the model can strongly predict wheat development stages.

Today, one of the most widely used natural language representation methods is meaning representation for text processing in different systems. Meaning representation methods have had many applications in the field of natural language processing in recent years, including automatic text summarization systems and question and answer systems, etc. Many text expressions may be different in terms of grammatical structure, but they are the same in terms of meaning, so how to apply a single and uniform meaning to them is one of the challenges of text processing. The main goal of this paper is to design an Integrated Semantic Representation (ISR) model for natural language. The proposed model, while maintaining its simplicity in annotation and understanding, does not depend on specific natural language features or on syntactic and lexical structure. In this regard, several examples in both English and Persian language, which have different in terms of written and grammatical structure, are presented in this paper. Moreover, by using the proposed model, the same representation is provided for texts with the same meaning and different grammatical structure. The proposed model is designed in graph and list format is recommended to annotate its corpuses. One of the main features of this model is that it can represent semantic relations at both sentence-level and document-level and is able to represent complex and important linguistic phenomena such as aspect, tense, and quantification. The simplicity of the proposed model helps to avoid making language processing slow or complicated in various applications, and the preparation of structures based on this model for different natural languages will not be too complicated, so that it can be used both for natural languages with low resources and for those with various resources. Further, features of the proposed model are compared with one of the most important related works.

Purpose: Resilience in start-ups is a challenging issue that has caught the attention of policymakers and business owners. The present study is an attempt to provide a model for designing the resilience model of start-up businesses as a path to the future of start-up businesses. Method: This research is practical in terms of purpose and from the perspective of data collection is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis method. The data collection method is semi-structured interview. Interviews with participants continued until they reached the theoretical saturation point, which was achieved by conducting 15 interviews. Participants were selected by snowball and purposeful method and data analysis was done through three coding steps (open, axial, selective) with MAXQDA2020 software. Findings: Based on the research results, the components of "cognitive resilience, financial resilience, adaptive resilience" as well as the effective organizational factors of "precedent, drivers and boys and resilience consequences" were identified. In this research, foresight and futures studies were identified as the drivers of resilience of start-up businesses. Conclusion: Resilience enables businesses to respond effectively to the dynamic conditions of their environment and maximize their competencies through strategic foresight and as a result gain more value than their competitors in the field of business. In this regard, the integration of foresight in the process of business resilience can be suggested as a facilitator of drivers.

Background and Aim: Job enrichment is a method that has been used to increase employee satisfaction and work motivation. The Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model (1976) has served as the foundation for many job enrichment efforts. In particular, a considerable amount of research has been devoted to the study of the job characteristics-job satisfaction relations. Te purpose of this study was to statistically determine the relation between job characteristics and job satisfaction among employees of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2007. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional one, including 6 TUMS-affiliated hospitals-Emam, Shariati, Baharlo, Ziaeian, Madaen and Azadi. The sample size was 400, consisting of 200 administrative employees (50%), 151 nurses (38%) and 49 physicians (12%). The random sampling and stratified proportional sampling methods were used to select the hospitals and interviewees, respectively. Two questionnaires were developed and used to identify job characteristics and job satisfaction: 1) job diagnostics surveys (JDS) and 2) Hertzberg's job satisfaction questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was ascertained by test-retest using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.88). Linear-by-linear association and ordinal logistics regression analysis were used for analyzing the data gathered.Results:The relations between the Motivational Potential Score (MPS) and job characteristics (except for feedback) with job satisfaction were statistically significant (p<0.05). Task identity was the most effective determinant of job satisfaction. Conclusion: It appears that all the job characteristics (except feedback) are important determinants of job satisfaction of the hospital employees. Although the work environment is in need of restructuring, it is important to note, from a positive perspective, that the job characteristics discussed in this study are readily amenable to change job satisfaction at the organizational level.